Rise of YouTube Celebrities as a Media Product

Rise of YouTube Celebrities as a Media Product YouTube is a worldwide video sharing website established on the 14th of February in 2005 by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karmin. Chad Meredith Hurley (born January 24, 1977) an American co-founder and former CEO of the popular video-sharing website YouTube and MixBit shared YouTubes aims to the media: We wanted to create a place where anyone with a video camera, a computer and an internet connection can share their life, art and voice with the world. When Chad Hurley joined hands with his ex-Paypal colleague Steve Chen to create the video sharing site called YouTube, little must he have thought he was in the process of revolutionizing the way people viewed online content. YouTube went on to become the second largest search engine in the world after Google. And a history was made when it was acquired by Google for a mind-boggling $1.65 billion in October 2006! Today Chad Hurley is a billionaire, thanks to the stock options that he received from Google during the acquisition of h is personal achievement YouTube. But behind this wealth there lies something extremely priceless a will to succeed and a will to create something unique and different. In recent years, YouTube has opened new doors for talent discovery. Never before has it been so easy for talented singers, dancers, actors and artists to achieve instant fame. Today, a person can upload a video of himself singing to YouTube and, if it gets seen by the right person, he could receive millions of views, get a record deal and begin a whole new life overnight. Bethany Mota In June 2009, at the age of 13, Bethany Mota started her YouTube channel, /MacBarbie07, as a way to share her creative fashion and beauty tips. Five years later, a large audience of more than 5 million subscribers (collectively averaging 20 million monthly views) who cant seem to get enough of her tutorials, haul videos and style advice. How did Bethany go from making videos in her bedroom to launching her own clothing line and appearing on national TV? We can take three important lessons from Bethanys success. During her first few months of uploading, Bethany adopted many of the Beauty Fashion formats that were becoming popular on YouTube at the time. She uploaded haul videos (showing off her recent shopping purchases), makeup tutorials and vlogs with youthful fashion tips. Her videos did well, but her first video to surpass 1,000 views was a makeup tutorial based on popstar Selena Gomez. Bethany realized that tying her video to a trending topic-one that resonates with her target a udience-increased her exposure. That videos modest success enabled the videos that followed to reach thousands of viewers too. Bethanys videos resonate with her audience because her personality, style and themes are perfectly suited to teen interests-and they mirror her own interests. Videos such as You Are Not Alone(2010) and Confidence (2011) directly address issues central to the teen experience: bullying and self-confidence. Bethany has literally grown up on YouTube, and shes transformed herself into a renowned influencer and a successful brand. Her channel began as /MacBarbie07, featuring a consistent schedule of haul videos and tutorials. But as she and her channel matured, focusing on back to- school programming and other compelling videos, Bethany shifted gears: She has now branded the channel with her true name (youtube.com/bethanymota). This change reflects her genuine personality and the strong connection shes built with her fans. Bethanys eye for fashion, smart programmi ng ideas and strong relationship with her audience have ultimately enabled her to become one of the most popular and influential beauty and fashion creators on YouTube. Her fashion videos are so popular, that she became a millionaire by the time she was 18 years old. Her current net worth is approximately $2.2 million as of 2015. Business Insider estimated in 2014 that her annual income is $480,000. That means that Bethany Mota earns $40,000 per month. The social impact of YouTube is phenomenal. Ten billion views a month is a number that speaks for itself: Online video is an explosive new medium, and YouTube has proven to be dominant in this arena. And while for some the site provides mere entertainment, for others, YouTube is proving to be a valuable research tool, as well as a medium for expression or documentation of aberrant behavior. Jaime Curry Hawkes Bay teen Jamie Curry began posting videos from her bedroom in 2012, aged 16. Her Jamies World brand exploded into a wildly popular Facebook page and more importantly, YouTube channel. The 18-year-old online screen queen from Hawkes Bay now has more than ten million followers on Facebook and more than a million subscribers on YouTube. New Zealand teenager Jamie Curry of Jamies World has been nominated for Favourite Internet Sensation by the Kids Choice Awards. The awards show is run by American network Nickelodeon and hosts superstars like Ariana Grande, Selena Gomez and Cody Simpson. Curry was excited because she had never been nominated for anything so big out of New Zealand before. Obviously I watched Nickelodeon as a kid, so its weird, she said. Graduating from high school last year, Curry now works full time on her videos. In fact, she didnt know what she would be doing without her online career. I was kind of like one of those real lost kids, she said. I didnt have an int erest in drama or in acting, I was like Oh yeah thats impossible So Im lucky that this stumbled across my lap because otherwise I would be very lost. New Zealands most famed social media export has currently just come out with a book! Her book, titled Jamies World: They let me write a book! promises to take her fans behind the scenes of her online existence. Its latest in a long line of behind the scenes books published by YouTube stars. Jamie Curry Net Worth: $92,000YouTube Has Revolutionized Education YouTube is chock full of how to videos, tutorials and lectures. If you have a question or want to know how something is done all you have to do is search for it in YouTube and odds are there is an educational video waiting to teach you everything you need to know. In fact, some people are even beginning to use YouTube as a tool for offering a free education to people around the world. For instance, hedge fund analyst Salman Khan quit his job to start offering a free education on the web, via YouTube. Through the Khan Academy, Khan offers over 1,400 tutorials, teaching about everything from math and finance, to physics, chemistry and biology. With videos like Khans on YouTube, all that a person needs is an internet connection and they have access to a fantastic education, even in third world countries. If you ask me, Id say this is pretty incredible and revolutionary. Tyler Oakley Tyler Oakley is a worldwide YouTube sensation with a quirky sense of humour that put him at the forefront of gay politics and culture. He won a Teen Choice Award for Most Popular Male Web Star in 2014. He has earned over 8 million subscribers on his YouTube channel. He is a close friend and frequent collaborator with Troye Sivan. Tyler Oakley figured out social medias power to launch a brand in this case, his own long before most corporations even created Twitter accounts. Oakley uploaded his first public YouTube video in 2007, and then only three years later was offered a national marketing campaign with YouTube. Hes obsessed with pop culture at one point a self-proclaimed professional fangirl for One Direction and charmingly honest, especially about his life as a young gay person. The 26-year-old, who describes himself as a twink from the Internet, currently counts 7.5 million YouTube subscribers and 4.6 million Twitter followers. There are some people who dont want to acknowle dge the power of the Internet, but in 2015 social media is a powerful machine. Oakelys Internet presence a majority of his followers are teens even caught the attention of the White House, who reached out to him to interview first lady Michelle Obama. When Oakley posted the trailer for his upcoming documentary Snervous, it soon (#SnervousTrailer) trended on Facebook. Hell soon be in homes across America as hes slated to appear on the upcoming season of CBSs Amazing Race. Oakleys rise to Internet prominence, though, didnt happen overnight, and his recently released collection of humour essays Binge discusses his Internet journey. It seems like a wave of YouTubers have been dropping books lately, but Oakleys stands out, because his topics range from the silly 20 Things Id Do If I Were Beyoncà © for the Day to the very serious such as his struggle with an eating disorder. To some, 26 might seem young to write a memoir or personal essay collection, but Oakley uses his unique perspect ive on YouTube to write a touching and timely book. In Binge, already a New York Times bestseller, readers find Oakley at his realest. Oakleys net worth is estimated to be $2 million as of 2015. YouTube offers a platform for spreading truth and inciting change. YouTube has given people around the globe a platform through which they can post videos to show the world, first-hand, what is going on in their countries; to show the world the reality of situations that may not be being broadcast on the news or may be hidden by the government; and to let people know about different issues that they may not have heard about and getting viewers to take action. Non-profit organizations, fundraising teams and more have used YouTube to spread the word about everything from the death penalty to saving the rainforests with web video activism on YouTube. Millions of dollars have been raised and petitions have been signed as the result of YouTube campaigns. But what is really amazing is the way YouTube has revealed the truth about various political situations and evens around the globe. One of the most amazing examples of YouTube as a platform for spreading the truth is the story of Neda Agh a-Soltan, who was killed in protests over the Iranian election of 2009. The world had no idea what was going on in Iran until a video of Neda being killed was uploaded to YouTube. It spread like wildfire and soon the entire world jumped into action, doing what they could to stop the troubles in Iran and show their support. For me, one of the most amazing things about YouTube is its ability to make the world smaller. And, no, I dont mean that YouTube has literally shrunken down the globe. What I mean is that YouTube has given us the power to travel the world with a single click. Sure, before YouTube existed we could learn about distant countries and cultures by reading books and articles online, watching documentaries and looking at published pictures. But YouTube allows us to take things a step further and learn about places and cultures around the world from the actual people who live there. YouTube has given people around the globe a platform through which they can post videos to show the world, first-hand, what is going on in their countries; to show the world the reality of situations that may not be being broadcast on the news or may be hidden by the government; and to let people know about different issues that they may not have heard about and getting viewers to take action. YouTube may have sta rted off as an online media page to share videos about yourself and your interests, but today it has transformed into a career path for so many people and a way to see the world through others eyes. Bibliography: https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/case-studies/bethany-mota.html http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/67435984/kiwi-internet-sensation-jamie-curry-up-for-award https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Oakley http://www.famousbirthdays.com/people/tyler-oakley.html http://www.salon.com/   http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/youtube-changed-the-world/27206 www.the-net-worth.com/2015/05/bethany-mota/ http://www.adweek.com/

The Significance of the Title of The Sun Also Rises :: Hemingway Sun Also Rises Essays

The Significance of the Title of The Sun Also Rises A good title is one of the most important elements of a book. A good title can hint at the theme and is something to keep in mind while reading a book itself. A very effective title is one that teases the reader, makes him ponder over its meaning and relationship to the book. One such book/title is The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway. The title suggests an importance of time and a cyclical motif. Yet it also has a hopeful tone, focusing more on beginnings than on endings. There are many cycles in the book and one of the most evident is that of Lady Brett Ashley and men. Brett has affairs with Cohn and Romero in the course of the book. In both cases there is a process of wooing, acceptance, and eventual rejection that takes place. It is also suggested that having affairs is a common practice for her, making that a cycle in and of itself. The idea of cycles is also evident in a more ritualized form through the bull fighting and the Catholicism. Bull fighting is a very stylized affair that is mentioned throughout the whole book. Catholicism is also very ritualistic and is concerned with a religious cycle of life, death, and resurrection. Both add to the cycle motif Hemingway creates. One of the best examples of cycles and the passage of time is the contrast of Romero and Belmonte. Belmonte is an old bull- fighter who has passed his prime; his sun is setting. Romero is a young bull- fighter who is just coming into his own; his sun is rising. Belmonte, "no longer had his greatest moments in the bull- ring. He was not sure that there were any great moments"(219). This contrast suggests the cycle of life and death. Good bull- fighters come and go. Just as Romero is in his prime, someday he too will be an older bullfighter, unable to move with the same grace he had in his youth. This cycle of life and death can be seen on a much larger scale by looking at the ex-patriots. The ex-patriots are members of the post- World War I generation that is sometimes referred to as the Lost Generation. They went through the horrors of War and depression in their young lives and found themselves living in Europe and seemingly devoid of morals, spirituality, and purpose.

Stop Abortions Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Pro Choice Life Essay

Stop Abortions On January 22, 1973 the court decision of Roe vs. Wade stated that approved processes of abortion are legalized until viability, which is the point at which the fetus is capable of surviving outside the mother’s body. The decision allows individual states to regulate or ban abortion after viability except, however, when necessary to protect the life or physical well-being of the mother (10 Important1). It has been almost thirty years since that solemn day where a nation, built on the natural right of life to all of its citizens, allowed the intentional and legal termination of an unborn child. Immediately after that event, opposition to the newfound law felt that it would have to appeal and overturn the decision within a short time to avoid the practice from becoming infused into the nation too firmly. As years passed the judicial system worsened the situation with less stringent regulations. Almost every third baby conceived in America is being terminated (Willke2). But as time passes America has realized that pro-life supporters are still fighting and making progress. Pro-choice advocates have spelled out many arguments campaigning against pro-lifers and attempting to justify this blatant destruction of a child. I will attempt to nullify the validity of these arguments to the students of State University and display alternatives to this inhumane practice. The decision of Roe vs. Wade on January 22, 1973 has been a terrible burden on the United States and should be seriously reconsidered. Abortion, specifically partial birth abortion, is a malicious act towards a living human that deserves life as much as a full grown adult. Abortion Methods As abortions became more and more prevalent in Ameri... ... of the methods of abortion so adoption should always be considered. Women want to be respected and feel that they have a right to choose as to whether they have a child or not. I say that why can we not respect them both: the mother and child? Why can we not show compassion for these women in this situation and love the child who is at stake as well. We must educate society of the alternatives to benefit all parties involved. Works Cited â€Å"10 Important Facts About Abortion.† Act Now. Dec 8 2002. â€Å"Partial Birth Abortion: Is it Really Happening?† Abortion Facts. Dec 8 2002. Willke, J.C. â€Å"25 Years of Loving Them Both.† Abortion Facts. July 1997. Dec 8 2002.

Theme of Deception in Much Ado About Nothing Essay -- Much Ado About N

Theme of Deception in Much Ado About Nothing Each of the main characters in Much Ado About Nothing is the victim of deception, and it is because they are deceived that they act in the ways that they do. Although the central deception is directed against Claudio in an attempt to destroy his relationship with Hero, it is the deceptions involving Beatrice and Benedick which provides the play's dramatic focus. Nearly every character in the play at some point has to make inferences from what he or she sees, has been told or overhears. Likewise, nearly every character in the play at some point plays a part of consciously pretending to be what they are not. The idea of acting and the illusion it creates is rarely far from the surface - Don Pedro acts to Hero, Don John acts the part of an honest friend, concerned for his brother's and Claudio's honour; Leonato and his family act as if Hero were dead, encouraged to this deception by, of all people, the Friar who feels that deception may be the way to get at truth; and all the main characters in the plot pretend to Benedick and Beatrice so convincingly that they reverse their normal attitudes to each other. In I.1 Don Pedro offers to play Claudio and win Hero for him. This plan is overheard, and misreported to Antonio. His excited retailing of the false news of Don Pedro's love for Hero to Leonato is, however, not without some caution: the news will be good as 'the event stamps them; but the have a good cover, they show well outward' (I.2.6). Leonato shows a sense here that he could well do with later in the play: 'Hath the fellow any wit that told you this?' . . . 'we will hold it as a dream' . . . 'peradventure this be true'. Admittedly he does not question the 'good sharp ... ...ne else in the play the power of language to alter reality, and the issues of conscious or unconscious deceit. It shouldn't be forgotten that in the body of the play those who are masters of a language of extraordinary wit and polish - language that seems to guarantee rationality and good judgement - get things almost completely wrong. The resolution of the play comes via the agency of the people whose discourse is an assault on language, who are dismissed - by Leonato - as 'tedious' when they should be patiently listened to. But, as Borachio says 'what your wisdoms could not discover, these shallow fools have brought to light' (V.1.221-222). And even more disturbing, that resolution comes by mere accident: by the chance overhearing of a conversation. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. Much Ado about Nothing. Ed. A.R. Humphreys. New York: Routledge, 1994.

A Psychological Perspective in “Oedipus Rex” and “Trifles” Essay

The two plays Oedipus Rex by Sophocles and Trifles by Susan Glaspell are great with detailed and remotely fascinating psychological perspectives. A psychological perspective is a perspective that includes the use of the author’s or characters background and/or emotional state to create the story or play. Oedipus Rex and Trifles both offers a great deal of insight into the minds of the characters, that insight also focus on what influenced the characters decision throughout the play. In many stories and/or plays the setting or era can add to the moral background of the characters. Both authors let the reader in on the emotional and psychological influences of the characters as to why they acted in a certain way. A good example on how the setting sets up the entire story or play is in Oedipus Rex where the era was Greek. Throughout the play the reader/audience is introduced to Greek mythology and oracle prophecies that sets up the era of the play and also gives a persona on what type of psychological issues to expect. Another example is in Trifles where the era was 1916 when women had no importance and played secondary roles and was not equal to a man. In Trifles, the play has both psychological and feminist critical perspectives. A good example of feminist critical perspective is when the attorney and sheriff decided that there is nothing important in the room:†Nothing here but kitchen things† (287). This line is the first of many disparaging comments said to minimize the importance of woman in society. The men criticized Mrs. Wright’s housekeeping skills, irking Mrs. Hale and the Sheriff’s wife Mrs. Peters. This incorporates setting and background about the kind of era to help the reader gain the insight needed to get into the minds of the characters. In Oedipus Rex, Freud’s Oedipus complex shows throughout the play. It is a group of largely unconscious (dynamically repressed) ideas and feelings which center on the desire to posses the parent of the opposite sex and eliminate the parent of the same sex. This is exactly what happened in the play and the Oedipus complex is named after the Greek mythical character Oedipus. This is the type of psychological perspective and mind frame that Oedipus portrays in this play by not intentionally murdering his father, marring his mother, committing incest, and carrying out the oracles prophecies. The reader can conclude that Oedipus found out about what he had done by saying the following: â€Å"I think I have called curses on myself in ignorance† (755-5) fearing that he has murdered his own father. â€Å"They will all come out clearly! Light of the sub, let me look on you no more!† (1183-4) from this quote the reader can feel the psychological insight of Oedipus and how the pain of finding out the truth took an emotional drain on him. In Trifles, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters unveil a psychological profile of a desperate housewife. The women observed clues that revealed the bleakness of Mrs. Wright emotional life. They theorized that Mr. Wright’s cold, oppressive nature must have been dreary to live with. To the audience/reader we could conclude that Mrs. Wright has been very unhappy since she married her husband because of this description by Mrs. Hale â€Å"She was kind of like a bird herself- real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid, – fluttery. How she did change†. The psychological perspective of the woman is that they can understand how Mrs. Wright felt, something that the men could not. The reason for that is because Mrs. Hale revealed that she lost her baby and Mrs. Peter’s talks about how a boy hatched her kitten so they both can relate to Minnie and the lost of her bird. As the reader we can look deep inside the minds of these troubled women and have some sort of compassion for Mrs. Wright and the other women. In conclusion psychological perspective allows the reader and/or audience to think on a deeper level regarding how and why the author’s work was written the way it was. When authors put a portion of themselves and their backgrounds into their writing, the reader can not only use this perspective to make sense of the author’s thoughts and feelings but understand the characters as well. In both plays the author’s show a certain insight that helps the reader understands their work on a personal level and the reader can also understand the characters emotional state of mind throughout the play. References: Glaspell, Susan (1882-1948). Trifles. In R. DiYanni (Ed.), Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (6thEd.) (p. 1858-1868), Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.Sophocles(c. 496-406 B.C.). Oedipus Rex. In R. DiYanni (Ed.), Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (6thEd.) (p. 1307-1347), Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. Retrieved 1/29/10 from http://www.gradesaver.com Retrieved 1/29/10 from http://myeclassroom.com Retrieved 1/31/10 from http://www.pbsorg/empires/thegreeks/educational/pdf/oedipus_short.pdf

My Ideal Friend †Low Essay

My ideal friend is Frank. I’m sure Frank is my ideal friend because we have been friends for many years already. Since we were kids, Frank has always been there when I fell down from my bicycle, when I was scolded by my parents, and helped me chase away dogs that were chasing me whenever we walked to school. One day, when I was walking to school together with Frank, we were attacked by 2 stray dogs. Frank took a stick and hit one of the dogs on the nose and the other dog on its leg. I was afraid of dogs but Frank was brave. He was afraid too but he wanted to make sure that his friend was protected. I am not as brave as Frank and thanks to him, I learned that we have to be brave even though we are afraid of something. When I was in school, I was always being bullied by others because I was small. There was a boy called Rino that will always take my money and I did not tell anyone about this. Rino was much bigger than me and I was afraid he would beat me if I told anyone that he took my money. After 2 years, Frank saw Rino taking my money behind an empty class during recess and he pushed him away from me. He told him that if he saw him doing it again, he would tell the Principal about this. Since then, Rino never bullied me and my life in school became better. Now that we’re already seniors in this school, both Frank and I are involved in many activities and study groups. I managed to have many friends because of him and he has taught me many things about our subjects and school activities. I have become a better leader because of him and I have learned many skills from entering sports activities like hockey and rugby. Together, we managed to be selected for the state team and represented Sabah for hockey and played together in Kuala Lumpur. This is how Frank has improved me as an individual. All in all, Frank has never left my side and is still my best friend today. His character and attitude has made him an ideal friend to me. I will never have another friend like Frank and I admire his morals and how he always stands up for his friends even when he is scared. He is helpful and encourages others to be better and has made me his ideal friend too. (427 words)

Ap Government Chapter 15 Study Guide

1. Why was the bill of rights added to the constitution? a. The framers thought a bill of rights was not necessary because the constitution spelled out the extent of the feds power. Blah blah blah (now at the top of page 487) In 1791 the states ratified 10 amendments and the nation had a bill of rights. The BOR imposed limits on the national gov but not on state gov. b. So†¦ all in all I’m really not sure what the exact answer is. Sorry bro 2. Difference between civil liberties and civil rights c. Civil liberties (sometimes referred to as â€Å"negative rights†) are freedoms that are guaranteed to an individual.These are restraints on the gov. Civil liberties declare what the government cannot do. d. Civil rights (â€Å"positive rights†) are powers and privileges that are guaranteed to the individual and protected against arbitrary removal at the hands of the gov or individuals. Like the right to vote or free expression and stuff. 3. The First Amendment guar antees freedom of religion in two clauses: e. The establishment clause- this prohibits laws establishing religion. f. Free exercise clause- which prevents the government from interfering with the exercise of religion. g.Together, these ensure that the government can neither promote nor inhibit religious beliefs or practices. 4. Know where phrase â€Å"Wall of separation between church and state† appears and comes from h. In 1879, the Supreme Court contended, quoting Thomas Jefferson, that the establishment clause erected â€Å"a wall of separation between church and State. † 5. Lemon v. Kurtzman bottom of 490-491: in 1971, the court struck down a state program that would have helped pay the salaries of teachers hired by parochial (parochial means of or relating to a church or parish) schools to give instruction in secular subjects. . The justices proposed a 3 prong test for determining the constitutionality of gov. programs and laws under the establishment clause: i. T he must have a secular purpose ii. Their primary effect must not be to advance or inhibit religion iii. They must not entangle the government excessively with religion. j. The program in Lemon v Kurtzman did not satisfy the last prong of the test. The government would have had to constantly monitory the program which would have cause and excessive entanglement with religion. 6.Engel v Vitale (bottom on 493) in 1962 the court struck down the daily reading of a 22 word nondenominational prayer in New York’s public schools. Justices stated that official state approval of prayer was an unconstitutional attempt on the part of the state to establish a religion. This decision drew a storm of protest that has yet to subside. k. In class I wrote down that he told us we needed to know the difference between freedom of beliefs and freedom of practice but I really don’t see how that has anything to do with this court case.. like whateverrrr coach sybert. l.He also said to note the â€Å"Certain things you can’t do and hide behind religion. The one we talked about in class was the guy with the snakes† So I’m clueless yet again. 7. Strict scrutiny- A neutral law that burdens the free exercise of religion is subject to strict scrutiny. This means that the law may be upheld only if the government can demonstrate that: m. The law is justified by a â€Å"compelling governmental interest† n. The law is narrowly tailored to achieve a legitimate goal o. The law in question is the least restrictive means for achieving that interest p.That was on page 496 and you may need to read the paragraph to understand the definition in context 8. Scheneck v U. S. (pg 498)- Charles Scheneck and his fellow defendents were convicted for attempting to disrupt WWI military recruitment by distributing leaflets claiming that conscription (conscription is enlistment for state service, typically the military) was unconstitutional. The gov believed that this beh avior threatened public order. q. There’s supposed to be a famous quote we get out of this case but the quote is a whole big paragraph. Here is an excerpt from the quote: iv. The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such nature to create a clear and present danger that will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent† v. That’s known as the clear and present danger test. Duh. r. Because the actions of the defendants were deemed to create a clear and present danger to the US at that time, the Supreme court upheld their convictions. 9. Tinker v Des Moine Independent County School District (pg 500)- involved 3 public school students who wore a black armbands to protest the Vietnam War.Principles in their school district had prohibited the wearing of armbands on the ground that such conduct would provoke a disturbance; the district suspended the students but the Supreme Court overturned the suspensions. s. Justices declared for the majority that the principals had failed to show that the forbidden conduct would substansially interfere with appropriate school discipline. t. â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦fear or apprehension of disturbance is not enough to overcome the right to freedom of expression. † 10.Chaplinsky v New Hampshire (500)- In 1942 Walter Chaplinksy, a Jehovah’s Witness, convicted under a state statute for calling a city marshal a â€Å"God-damned racketeer† and â€Å"a damned fascist† in a public place, appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld Chaplinksy’s conviction on the theory that fighting words do not convey ideas and thus are not subject to first amendment protection. u. Fighting words- words that inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace. v. To dumb it down- he was found guilty because the things he said were not protected by the first amendment. 1. Reno v ACLU (501)- the supreme court upheld the lower court’s ruling in June 1997 by unamimously deciding a broad affirmation of free speech rights in cyberspace, arguing that the Internet was more analogous (analogous means comparable) to print media than to television, and thus even indecent material on the internet was entitled to First Amendment protection. 12. New York Times v Sullivan (502)- First off you need to know that libel is the written defamation of character. A person who believes their name and character have been harmed can sue.In this case, the supreme court declared that freedom of the press takes precedence—at least when the defamed individual is a public official. w. The court agreed that the first amendment protects the publication of all statements about the conduct of public officials, except statements made with actual malice. x. Actual malice- with knowledge that they are false or in reckless disregard for their truth or falsity. y. 3 years later, the court extended this pr otection to apply to all public figures, not just government officials. 13. New York Times v United States pg 504- z.Prior restraint case dealing with the pentagon papers {. Supreme court doesn’t believe in prior restraint although you can be punished after the fact. And in order for the supreme court to prevent publication they have to have a really good reason- have to prove immediate, inevitable, and irreparable harm following the publication of the documents. |. First amendment offers protection against government censorship 14. Case in Louisville, Kentucky- a reporter who had researched and written an article about drug related activities was called on by a grand jury to identify people he had seen in possession of the drugs.The reporter refused to testify, saying that freedom of the press shielded him from this inquiry. }. In a closely divided decision, the supreme court rejected his position stating that no exception is permissible to the rule that all citizens have a duty to give their government whatever testimony they are capable of giving. ~. He had to give up the information and some of his freedom to maintain order 15. Bong hits for Jesus. Pg 505- supreme court upheld the suspension of the boy who held up the sign at an outside school event. School officials may prohibit speech if it could be interpreted as promoting an illegal drug use. 6. The 2nd amendment states â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. . If you are a gun control advocate- you focus on the first part and your argument is that everyday citizens are not part of a militia. . If you are NOT a gun control advocate- you focus on the second part that your right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 17. D. C. vs Heller- (federal level)- was a challenge to the strictest gun control statute in the country. It barred private possession of handguns and required tri gger locks and stuff.The court ruled in a 5-4 decision that it is a constitutional right to keep a loaded handgun at home for self defense. 18. McDonald v Chicago– (state level)- this case had the same ruling as the first one except this one was on a state level. 19. Bill of attainder- a law that pronounces an individual guilty of a crime without a trial. 20. Most freedoms protected in the BOR today function as limitations on the states. The changes have been achieved through the supreme court’s interpretation of the due process clause of the 14th amendment: .Due process clause-â€Å"nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without the due process of law. † This clause has 2 central meanings: vi. It requires the government to adhere to appropriate procedures. vii. It forbids unreasonable government action. . Under this clause you have a trial by jury available to you, if you can’t afford a lawyer they’ll provide you wit h one, etc. Not all states have the same number of jurors. Supreme court says minimum of 6. 21. Gideon vs Wainwright- pg 511 case made due process applicable to the states. The state must provide you with a lawyer if you cannot afford one. 2. Miranda Warnings-protects against self incrimination. comes from Miranda v Arizona 23. Exclusionary rule- Something discovered as the result of an illegal search cannot be used in trial. Mapp vs us on 512 24. The exception is the good faith clause- U. S. vs Leon. Pg 513? 25. Griswald v Conneticut- 517 personal autonomy. Could the state outlaw birth control. Zone of privacy that exists because of the 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 5th amendment. . Birth control is a personal choice. 26. Rowe vs. Wade- extension of Gridwald. You should have choice on child bearing. Blah blah blah. Struck down abortion laws.Due process clause 2 FREE RESPONSE. ANSWER BOTH 1. First amendment and the freedom of speech. Freedom of speech is not absolute. Explain (or give 2 exampl es of) 2 limits on speech and the related cases a. Fighting words- Chaplinsky b. Idk 2. Similar concept. Rules against illegal search and seizure and self incrimination protect your right to a due process. c. One rule regarding illegal search and seizure, and the case. Explain how that protects your due process d. One rule regarding self incrimination and the related case and explain how that protects your right to due process of law.